Macular Degeneration

Macular degeneration, also known as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), affects the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, central vision. This condition can lead to a gradual loss of central vision, which is crucial for activities such as reading, driving, and recognizing faces. Peripheral vision is usually not affected.

Types of Macular Degeneration

• Dry Macular Degeneration:

  • The more common form, accounting for about 80-90% of cases. It occurs when the macula thins over time, gradually causing vision loss. Dry AMD can progress slowly, with symptoms often taking years to develop significantly.

• Wet Macular Degeneration:

  • A less common but more severe form. It occurs when abnormal blood vessels grow under the retina and leak blood or fluid, causing rapid damage to the macula. Wet AMD can lead to sudden and severe vision loss if not treated promptly.

Symptoms of Macular Degeneration

The symptoms of macular degeneration can vary depending on the type and stage of the condition. Common symptoms include:

• Blurred or Distorted Central Vision: Objects may appear distorted, with straight lines looking wavy or bent.
• Difficulty Reading or Seeing Fine Details: A noticeable decline in the ability to see fine details, even with corrective lenses.
• Dark or Empty Areas in Vision: Dark spots or empty areas may appear in the center of the visual field.
• Difficulty with Low-Light Situations: Increased difficulty seeing in low-light environments, such as dimly lit rooms or at night.
• Color Perception Changes: Colors may appear less bright or vibrant.

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of macular degeneration is not fully understood, but several risk factors are associated with the condition:

• Age: The most significant risk factor, with the likelihood of developing AMD increasing with age, especially after 50.
• Genetics: A family history of AMD increases the risk of developing the condition.
• Smoking: Smoking significantly increases the risk of AMD.
• Obesity and Diet: Poor diet and obesity are linked to a higher risk of AMD.
• Cardiovascular Disease: Conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels may increase the risk.
• Exposure to UV Light: Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light may contribute to the development of AMD.

Diagnosis of Macular Degeneration

A comprehensive eye examination is necessary to diagnose macular degeneration. Our eye care professionals will perform several tests, including:

• Visual Acuity Test: Measures how well you see at various distances.
• Amsler Grid Test: Checks for visual distortions or dark spots in the central vision.
• Dilated Eye Exam: Allows a detailed examination of the retina and macula.
• Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT): Provides cross-sectional images of the retina to detect areas of thinning, thickening, or fluid accumulation.
• Fluorescein Angiography: Uses a special dye and camera to detect abnormal blood vessels in the retina.