Uveitis

The term “uveitis” encompasses a range of conditions characterized by inflammation of the uvea. The uvea is crucial for supplying blood to the retina and maintaining eye health. Inflammation in this area can disrupt these functions and lead to complications. Uveitis can affect one or both eyes and may be acute (sudden onset) or chronic (long-lasting).

Types of Uveitis

Uveitis is classified based on the part of the uvea that is affected:

• Anterior Uveitis:

  • Also known as iritis, this type affects the front of the eye and is the most common form of uveitis. It can cause redness, pain, and sensitivity to light.

• Intermediate Uveitis:

  • Affects the middle part of the uvea, including the ciliary body and the vitreous. It is often associated with floaters and blurred vision.

• Posterior Uveitis:

  • Involves inflammation of the choroid, retina, and optic nerve. This type can lead to vision problems and is more challenging to treat.

• Panuveitis:

  • Affects all layers of the uvea, causing inflammation throughout the eye. This form can be particularly severe and requires comprehensive management.

Causes of Uveitis

Uveitis can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

• Autoimmune Disorders: Conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, ankylosing spondylitis, and sarcoidosis can lead to uveitis.
• Infections: Bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections, such as herpes, syphilis, tuberculosis, and toxoplasmosis, can trigger uveitis.
• Eye Injuries: Trauma to the eye can lead to inflammation and uveitis.
• Genetic Factors: Certain genetic markers are associated with a higher risk of developing uveitis.
• Systemic Diseases: Diseases affecting other parts of the body can lead to inflammation in the eyes.

Symptoms of Uveitis

The symptoms of uveitis can vary depending on the type and severity of the inflammation. Common symptoms include:

• Eye Redness: Often accompanied by pain, particularly in anterior uveitis.
• Eye Pain: A sharp or aching pain in the eye, which may worsen with exposure to light.
• Blurred Vision: A reduction in visual clarity, which can be gradual or sudden.
• Floaters: Small specks or shadows that move in the field of vision, often seen in intermediate or posterior uveitis.
• Sensitivity to Light (Photophobia): Discomfort or pain when exposed to bright light.
• Decreased Vision: A noticeable drop in visual acuity, which can affect daily activities.

Diagnosis of Uveitis

Diagnosing uveitis involves a comprehensive eye examination and may include:

• Slit-Lamp Examination: A detailed look at the eye’s structures using a specialized microscope.
• Ophthalmoscopy: An examination of the back of the eye to check for inflammation or other abnormalities.
• Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT): Imaging of the retina and other structures in the eye to assess the extent of inflammation.
• Blood Tests and Imaging: These may be conducted to identify underlying systemic conditions or infections contributing to the uveitis.

Treatment Options for Uveitis

The primary goals of uveitis treatment are to reduce inflammation, alleviate symptoms, and prevent vision loss. Treatment options may include:

• Corticosteroids:

  • Administered as eye drops, oral medication, or injections to reduce inflammation.

• Immunosuppressive Drugs:

  • Used in cases where corticosteroids are not sufficient, especially for chronic uveitis or when autoimmune conditions are involved.

• Antibiotics or Antivirals:

  • Prescribed if an infection is identified as the cause of uveitis.

• Mydriatic or Cycloplegic Drops:

  • These help dilate the pupil and relieve pain by relaxing the eye muscles.

• Surgery:

  • In severe cases, procedures like vitrectomy may be necessary to remove inflammatory material from the eye.